```py path=pricing.py
def calculate_total(subtotal_cents, discount_cents=0, tax_basis_points=825):
    if subtotal_cents < 0 or discount_cents < 0 or tax_basis_points < 0:
        raise ValueError("subtotal, discount, and tax rate must be non-negative")

    tax_cents = subtotal_cents * tax_basis_points // 10_000
    return subtotal_cents + tax_cents - discount_cents
```